What means Scheduling in terms of AI?
- How long action takes and When it occurs
- Multiple activities / Constrain...
What means Planning in terms of AI?
What means Planning in terms of AI?
- planning what to do and in what order
Example: STRIPS
- automated planning computer system (moving blocks)
-...
What are the advantages of Constraint Programming?
What are the advantages of Constraint Programming?
- solve problems more efficiently
- eliminate large portions of Search Space makes the computation...
Explain the A* search.
Explain the A* search.
- expands most promising paths first
- avoids expanding paths that are, from the beginning, already expensive
- at each step...
Explain the Heuristic search and two different types of it.
Explain the Heuristic search and two different types of it.
- take the most promising node
- is a way to inform the search about the direction to...
Explain the bidirectional search.
Explain the bidirectional search.
Two simultaneous searches
- From initial state
- From goal state
-> Test if the searches meet = solution
For...
Explain depth-first search.
Explain depth-first search.
From the root node:
- explores the deepest nodes first (last generated node)
- moves towards the next deepest node.
Implemented...
Explain breadth-first search and disadvantages of it.
Explain breadth-first search and disadvantages of it.
From the root node:
- explores the neighbor nodes first
- moves towards the next level neighbors.
Implemented...
What is the difference between weak AI and strong AI and Super AI?
What is the difference between weak AI and strong AI and Super AI?
Weak AI:
- simulates thinking
- reasons and solves problems within a domain
- uses...
Briefly describe the Turing Test.
Briefly describe the Turing Test.
Briefly describe the Turing Test.
- hidden computer A and a person B converse with another person C
- If C is...
What is Affordance describing?
What is Affordance describing?
a. The look of a tool discloses what happens when you use the tool.
b. That an operation is easy to perform.
c. The...
Which of these is a correct description of the Gulf of evaluation?
Which of these is a correct description of the Gulf of evaluation?
a. The difference between the user's formulation of the actions to reach the goal...
D. Norman talks about a certain kind of error that the users make, he calls them Slips. What kind of error is a slip?
D. Norman talks about a certain kind of error that the users make, he calls them Slips. What kind of error is a slip?
a. Errors that you make because...
According to D. Norman, Constraints should be used:
According to D. Norman, Constraints should be used:
a. to stop unauthorised users from using a system.
b. to help users from different backgrounds...
Forcing functions are needed when:
Forcing functions are needed when:
a. the system is not responding and the user cannot use the system as supposed to. The user then must restart the...
What is Mapping?
What is Mapping?
a. The interface is designed in a way so that the user knows where he/she is in the interface and what options that are available.
b....
The following is a definition of Feedback:
The following is a definition of Feedback:
a. The user can in every state of the system start the help function that describes what the user is doing...
Which of these is a correct description of the Gulf of execution?
Which of these is a correct description of the Gulf of execution?
a. The difference between the user's formulation of the actions to reach the goal...
The most important part of learning to sketch is:
The most important part of learning to sketch is:
a) Practice.
b) Having the right tools.
c) Artistic skills.
Answer: ...
Sketching is a useful part of the design process. When should it be used?
Sketching is a useful part of the design process. When should it be used?
a) When the design is ready.
b) When the customer needs to see the product.
c)...
When sketching, the following qualities are important:
When sketching, the following qualities are important:
a) It looks like a finished product
b) It helps the designer talk about their work without...
Sketching can help to:
Sketching can help to:
a) Produce, refine and communicate ideas.
b) Produce lots of design ideas.
c) Make an idea look really good.
Answer:&nb...
"Sketching is not about drawing. Rather, it is about design". What does this mean?
"Sketching is not about drawing. Rather, it is about design". What does this mean?
a) Sketching is a process for generating and developing ideas.
b)...
When you use Assistive technology (e.g. Video / Computer / Projector, etc.) you should:
When you use Assistive technology (e.g. Video / Computer / Projector, etc.) you should:
1) Test beforehand on the spot. Prepare to do the presentation...
If you have something that is eye-catching (e.g. bandages, black eye) then you should:
If you have something that is eye-catching (e.g. bandages, black eye) then you should:
1) Pretend it doesn't exist
2) Tell the audience about it immediately.
3)...
Identify the main message:
Identify the main message:
1) By repeating it - as many times as possible the same way
2) By using a "catch phrase"
3) By repeating it - preferably...
The goal of all presentations is:
The goal of all presentations is:
1) To get the audience to buy your product
2) To capture the audience's imagination
3) To get recipients to understand...
When you are several presenters in a team you should:
When you are several presenters in a team you should:
1) Have the same kind of clothes, in order for it to look like you are a team
2) Make sure that...
When giving a presentation, it is a good idea to:
When giving a presentation, it is a good idea to:
1) Summarize the message early, in one to two sentences
2) Rely heavily on Powerpoint
3) Start...
In six thinking hats each hat represents
In six thinking hats each hat represents
a) A group of stakeholders
b) A mode of thinking
c) A design challenge
Answer: ...
A well known method to support decision making, communication and creative thinking is called:
A well known method to support decision making, communication and creative thinking is called:
a) Brainstorming
b) Six thinking hats
c) Personas...
"How might we"-questions are valuable because they
"How might we"-questions are valuable because they
a) Link insights to possible solutions
b) Are broadly formulated to cover as much ground as possible
c)...
Finding common problems users might have is best done by
Finding common problems users might have is best done by
a) Brainstorming
b) downloading your learnings
c) identifying themes
Answer: ...
A golden rule in brainstorming is that
A golden rule in brainstorming is that
a) errors should be caught early
b) you should trust only your own ideas
c) you should defer judgment
A...
Brainstorming should be done
Brainstorming should be done
a) Only by stakeholders/users
b) By designers and stakeholders/users together
c) Only by designers
Answer: ...
A structured Ideation process starts with
A structured idealization process starts with
a) making sense of your data
b) developing your own ideas
c) brainstorming ideas
Answer: ...
A golden rule in brainstorming is that
A golden rule in brainstorming is that
a) quantity and quality are equally good
b) quality is better than quantity
c) quantity is better than qu...
In Nielsens set of heuristics, the rule "aesthetic and minimalist design" states that:
In Nielsens set of heuristics, the rule "aesthetic and minimalist design" states that:
a. You should strive towards minimizing the user errors
b....
In Nielsens set of heuristics, the rule "flexibility and efficiency of use" states that:
In Nielsens set of heuristics, the rule "flexibility and efficiency of use" states that:
a. Make sure the functionality is efficient and flexible
b....
In Nielsens set of heuristics, the rule "recognition rather than recall" states that:
In Nielsens set of heuristics, the rule "recognition rather than recall" states that:
a. Minimize the user's memory load by making objects, actions...
In Nielsens set of heuristics, the rule "user control and freedom" states that:
In Nielsens set of heuristics, the rule "user control and freedom" states that:
a. You should provide the user with clearly marked emergency exits...
In Nielsens set of heuristics, the rule "match between system and the real world" states that:
In Nielsens set of heuristics, the rule "match between system and the real world" states that:
a. You should always use real world metaphors for the...
In Nielsens set of heuristics, the rule "visibility and system status" states that:
In Nielsens set of heuristics, the rule "visibility and system status" states that:
a. The system should visualise all hidden activities
b. The system...
Reasons for using an inspection method instead of usability testing are:
Reasons for using an inspection method instead of usability testing are:
a. The user group consists of very specific personality types with unusual...
In a heuristic evaluation:
In a heuristic evaluation:
a. A group of test users conduct a formal experiment
b. A group of psychologists administer a questionnaire
c. A group...
Using the "think aloud" technique is good for:
Using the "think aloud" technique is good for:
a) Understanding how the design team have reasoned.
b) Understanding how the users are reasoning.
c)...
Common test metrics are:
Common test metrics are:
a) Number of successful task completions, number of critical errors made, and time on task.
b) Number of successful task...
When planning a usability test these are key-issues to consider.
When planning a usability test these are key-issues to consider.
a) The number of participants, the look of your product, and the time of day
b) The...
One central component of usability testing is:
One central component of usability testing is:
a) Collecting data about the errors ("bugs") in functionality of the product.
b) Collecting data about...
Usability testing refers to:
Usability testing refers to:
a) Evaluating a product or service by performing a strict test-protocol.
b) Evaluating a product or service by testing...
Reliability is
Reliability is
a. How well a method produces the same result on separate occasions
b. How well the method measures what it is intended to measure
c....
Ecological validity is
Ecological validity is
a. A special kind of validity that concerns how eco-friendly our system is
b. A special kind of validity that concerns how...
Advantages of crowdsourcing in usability evaluation are
Advantages of crowdsourcing in usability evaluation are
a. Flexibility, inexpensive and quick
b. Diversity of users from all over the world, complex...
Inspection methods for usability evaluation are primarily used because
Inspection methods for usability evaluation are primarily used because
a. They are relatively cheap and quick
b. They have a low rate of "false positives"
c....
The findings from usability testing are often summarized in a:
The findings from usability testing are often summarized in a:
a. Usability problem
b. Usability tracker
c. Usability specification
Answer:&nb...
When performing a usability test we are often looking for
When performing a usability test we are often looking for
a. Intention to buy our product
b. Number of errors done during a task or the time to complete...
Field based evaluation studies are good at:
Field based evaluation studies are good at:
a. Demonstrating how people use technology in their intended setting
b. Cheeply finding most of the basic...
Controlled lab-based evaluation studies are good at:
Controlled lab-based evaluation studies are good at:
a. Grasping everyday use situations
b. Revealing usability problems
c. Capturing context of...
A summative evaluation is
A summative evaluation is
a. Done in different times during the development of a system in order to guide the further development
b. Done at the end...
A formative evaluation is
A formative evaluation is
a. Done before the ideation phase in order to give input to the design process
b. Done in different times during the development...
Why do we evaluate our designs usability
Why do we evaluate our designs usability
a. We need to see that the product is robust and delivers correct results
b. We need to verify that our users...
The cognitive walkthrough mainly evaluates a product's?
The cognitive walkthrough mainly evaluates a product's?
a. Efficiency
b. Learnability
c. Utility
Answer: ...
What is the main drawback of conducting a controlled lab test for evaluating an interactive system?
What is the main drawback of conducting a controlled lab test for evaluating an interactive system?
a. Hard to get enough participants for making valid...
Paper prototyping involves:
Paper prototyping involves:
a) Using pen and paper designs to simulate user interaction and flow.
b) Sketching on paper and picking the best ones.
c)...
A high-fidelity prototype is most useful for:
A high-fidelity prototype is most useful for:
a) Testing functionality of a product and selling the design to others.
b) Testing out new ideas and...
In comparison to a low-fidelty prototype, a high-fidelity prototype is:
In comparison to a low-fidelty prototype, a high-fidelity prototype is:
a) A better proof-of-concept.
b) Cheaper and easier to build.
c) Closer to...
The main advantages of low-fidelity prototyping are:
The main advantages of low-fidelity prototyping are:
a) Quickly develop code to match specification.
b) Quickly identify usability issues.
c) Quick,...
A low-fidelity prototype is:
A low-fidelity prototype is:
a) A tool without only one function built in.
b) A tool for documenting the steps a user should take to use a system
c)...
Wizard of Oz is a low-fidelity prototyping technique. It involves:
Wizard of Oz is a low-fidelity prototyping technique. It involves:
a) A person simulating the response of a design or software systems to end-user...
Which one of these is a common type of low-fidelity prototype technique:
Which one of these is a common type of low-fidelity prototype technique:
a) Bootstrapping.
b) Material Design.
c) Storyboarding.
Answer: ...
A prototype is:
A prototype is:
a) A design which can easily be copied and replicated.
b) A way for stakeholders to interact with a design, and tests its suitability...
Which of these is a common prioritisation method for requirements:
Which of these is a common prioritisation method for requirements:
a) Waterfall
b) MoSCow
c) StoCKhoLM
Answer: ...
Which of these is a useful fit criterion for usability:
Which of these is a useful fit criterion for usability:
a) Less than 5% of users will complain about the background colour.
b) The system will be...
User characteristics describe:
User characteristics describe:
a) How a user should look in the system
b) How the system should characterise the user
c) Expected characteristics...
Functional Requirements describe:
Functional Requirements describe:
a) What a system should do.
b) How the user can interact with the system.
c) What a developer should do.
Answ...
Requirements should be:
Requirements should be:
a) Clear, unambiquous, specific and measurable.
b) Short, technically correct, and well written.
c) Creative, inspiring but...
The measure of whether a requirement has been fulfilled is called:
The measure of whether a requirement has been fulfilled is called:
a) A fit criterion
b) A fulfilment criterion.
c) A fit measurement.
Answer:...
Requirements work best when they consider:
Requirements work best when they consider:
a) What the customer tells the developer they want.
b) The designer's intuition
c) The needs of all s...
Requirements are useful for developers because:
Requirements are useful for developers because:
a) Their manager told them they were.
b) They are very specific and detailed and can be directed developed...
Why are requirements useful in the development process?
Why are requirements useful in the development process?
a) Reduce costs and time in development, reduce confusion in communication, and provide good...
A requirement is:
A requirement is:
a) A statement of something the developer should build.
b) A statement of what a product or systems should do or how it will do...
The storage of data collected during an interview is subject to which one of these laws or regulations:
The storage of data collected during an interview is subject to which one of these laws or regulations:
a) Sweden's Fundamental Law on Freedom of Expression
b)...
When should an interview be transcribed?
When should an interview be transcribed?
a) Never. It should be erased as soon as it has been used.
b) Whenever it suits the purpose of the analysis...
During an interview, an interviewee starts to talk off-topic. The interviewer should:
During an interview, an interviewee starts to talk off-topic. The interviewer should:
a) Pause the recording of the interview.
b) Try to keep the...
Participants have the right to withdraw from an interview study. When can they do so?
Participants have the right to withdraw from an interview study. When can they do so?
a) Whenever they have a good reason.
b) Whenever they feel like...
An information sheet is:
An information sheet is:
a) A document where the participant provides permission for how they will participate in the study
b) A document describing...
A consent form is:
A consent form is:
a) A list of questions that the interviewer will read, which the interviewee agrees to before the interview.
b) A document where...
An interview schedule is:
An interview schedule is:
a) A timetable of when the interviewer will conduct interviews.
b) A structured set of questions that guide the interviewer.
c)...
Developing rapport is important for conducting an interview. Rapport can be built by:
Developing rapport is important for conducting an interview. Rapport can be built by:
a) Using your authority as the interviewer
b) Developing trust...
In a semi-structured interview, the questions should be:
In a semi-structured interview, the questions should be:
a) Made up of multiple questions
b) Simple and answered with 'yes' or 'no'
c) Open-ende...
Which of these is NOT a reason to conduct an interview:
Which of these is NOT a reason to conduct an interview:
a) Exploration
b) Proving a hypothesis
c) Subjective meaning making
Answer: ...
An interview has many differences from a conversation. An interview has which of the following set of qualities:
An interview has many differences from a conversation. An interview has which of the following set of qualities:
a) Informally arranged; audio recorded;...
When interviewing people about their technology usage, there is often a slight mismatch with e.g. recorded or logged data of their interactions. Why is that?
When interviewing people about their technology usage, there is often a slight mismatch with e.g. recorded or logged data of their interactions. Why...
When conducting an interview, the first thing you should do is:
When conducting an interview, the first thing you should do is:
a) Ask the participant about themselves to ensure they are good participants
b) Inform...
Stakeholders are:
Stakeholders are:
a. The individuals that could claim a stake in the success or failure of the project.
b. The individuals or groups that can influence...
Identifying users:
Identifying users:
a. Is not always a straightforward activity.
b. Is easy due to the fact that they are the customers
c. Is most often a simple...
Iterative design is a good approach due to:
Iterative design is a good approach due to:
a. No matter how good the designers are, ideas will need to be revised, likely several times.
b. You can...
Empirical measurement regards
Empirical measurement regards
a. Identifying specific goals up front that the product can be empirically evaluated against.
b. Measuring the success...
Adopting a user-centred approach means that:
Adopting a user-centred approach means that:
a. The users are being involved as the central arbitrator when you have to make trade-offs.
b. The real...
Participatory design is
Participatory design is
a. An overarching design philosophy that focus on the participants in the design team.
b. An overarching design philosophy...
Expectation management is:
Expectation management is:
a. The process of keeping track of the upcoming phases of the project.
b. The process of making sure you don't exceed the...
Involving users in development is important because
Involving users in development is important because
a. It's the best way to ensure that the end product is usable.
b. It's the only way of knowing...
The problem with starting out by designing the physical interface and what kind of technology to use is
The problem with starting out by designing the physical interface and what kind of technology to use is
a. Potential users may not be familiar with...
In order to come up wit a good idea you should (according to Linus Pauling):
In order to come up wit a good idea you should (according to Linus Pauling):
a. Get lots of ideas
b. Get lots of background information
c. Get really...
The double diamond of design consists of these four phases
The double diamond of design consists of these four phases
a. Discover, Decide, Determine, Deliver
b. Determine, Define, Detect, Deliver
c. Discover,...
When you apply design principles
When you apply design principles
a. You have to deal with trade-offs and make judgement calls often
b. You have to avoid ending up in situations where...
Consistency refers to
Consistency refers to
a. Designing interfaces to have similar operations and use similar elements for achieving similar tasks
b. Having the same graphical...
The design principle Visibility is describing:
The design principle Visibility is describing:
a. How good a brand comes across in the user experience
b. How visible an interface is
c. The importance...
Dan Saffer has described "micro-interactions" as:
Dan Saffer has described "micro-interactions" as:
a. The little sound you here when pushing a button or similar
b. Moments of interactions at the...
User experience goals can be articulated as:
User experience goals can be articulated as:
a. Good and bad
b. A range of emotions and felt experiences
c. Anything the user desires
Answer:&...
Memorability refers to:
Memorability refers to:
a. How to create good memories and experiences
b. How good a product name get "stuck" in a consumer's mind
c. How easy a...
Learnability refers to:
Learnability refers to:
a. How easy it is to get access to the system
b. How easy it is to remember how to use a system
c. How easy a system is to...
Utility refers to the extent to which a product provides:
Utility refers to the extent to which a product provides:
a. The right kind of usefulness
b. The right kind of feedback
c. The right kind of fun...
Safety is a usability goal regarding:
Safety is a usability goal regarding:
a. Protecting the designers from unwanted lawsuits
b. Protecting the system from illicit access from non intended...
Efficiency refers to
Efficiency refers to
a. The way a product supports users in carrying out their task.
b. The way a product affects the users behaviour
c. The way...
Effectiveness is a usability goal referring to:
Effectiveness is a usability goal referring to:
a. How few interaction steps are needed for a certain task
b. How good a product is at doing what...
Accessibility can be achieved in two ways:
Accessibility can be achieved in two ways:
a. Bigger screens and bigger buttons
b. Inclusive design of technology and design of assistive technology
c....
Accessibility refers to:
Accessibility refers to:
a. The extent to which a product is dependent on network connectivity
b. The extent to which a product can section different...
We, as designers, need to learn more about and understand our users because
We, as designers, need to learn more about and understand our users because
a. It can reveal incorrect (stereotypical) assumptions that we have about...
User Experience (UX) deals mostly with
User Experience (UX) deals mostly with
a. Experiential and usability aspects of use
b. Pragmatic and hedonic aspects of use
c. Efficiency and learnable...
Interaction design is ideally carried out by:
Interaction design is ideally carried out by:
a. Artistic product designers
b. Media- and computer skilled software developers
c. Multidisciplinary...
Human Computer Interaction (HCI) has traditionally mostly been concerned with
Human Computer Interaction (HCI) has traditionally mostly been concerned with
a. Effectiveness
b. Usefulness
c. Usability
Answer: ...
What is interaction design?
What is interaction design?
a. Designing interactive products to support the way people communicate and interact in their everyday and working lives.
b....
When a product is being designed with a user centered design process the designers have considered:
When a product is being designed with a user centered design process the designers have considered:
a. Who is going to use the system, how they are...
When we describe a system/product as usable we mean that:
When we describe a system/product as usable we mean that:
a. It is generally easy to learn, effective to use and provide an enjoyable user experience
b....
Name and explain 2 different representation forms of NLP.
Name and explain 2 different representation forms of NLP.
Frames
- cluster of facts and objects about some typical object, situation, or action,...
What is the meaning of context-free grammar for NLP?
What is the meaning of context-free grammar for NLP?
set of production rules that describe all possible strings
in a given formal language
Exp.:
sentence...
What means PoS tagging for sentences?
What means PoS tagging for sentences?
- part-of-speech tagging
- The process of marking up a word in a text (corpus) as corresponding to a particular...
What are different aspects of a Text Analysis or Generation?
What are different aspects of a Text Analysis or Generation?
Syntax, structure of sentences (role of the words), Grammar (set of rules, principles...
What is a parser and a parsing tree and what are they used for?
What is a parser and a parsing tree and what are they used for?
- Parser is a program, works out the grammatical structure of sentences
- arranging...
Explain what a finite state machine is and what it got to do with Natural Language Processing.
Explain what a finite state machine is and what it got to do with Natural Language Processing.
- It is an abstract machine that can be in exactly...
What is Natural Language Processing?
What is Natural Language Processing?
- Methods of interacting with computers
- deriving meaning from input, parsing, and provide information by output...
Problems with MiniMax algorithm efficiency?
Problems with MiniMax algorithm efficiency?
Combinatorial Explosion leads to search trees being too large
Evaluation of positions is time consumi...
What are the values in MiniMax algorithm called?
What are the values in MiniMax algorithm called?
Utility Valu...
Why is the MiniMax algorithm difficult for larger problems?
Why is the MiniMax algorithm difficult for larger problems?
May not be able to represent it through a search tree
...
What is the Minimax Algorithm?
What is the Minimax Algorithm?
An algorithm used in game playing where one opponent tries to maximise their chance of winning and minimise their opponent's...
What does it mean to use the Manhattan Distancing as a heuristic?
What does it mean to use the Manhattan Distancing as a heuristic?
Means that the heuristic cost, h, is the sum of the x and y distances from the current...
Why is a straight line distance an admissible heuristic?
Why is a straight line distance an admissible heuristic?
Never over-estimates the cost from current state to goal
...
What makes a heuristic admissible for a heuristic algorithm?
What makes a heuristic admissible for a heuristic algorithm?
Heuristic function must never overestimate the cost to reach the goal (i.e. not larger...
When does the A* algorithm become greedy and lose optimality?
When does the A* algorithm become greedy and lose optimality?
When the heuristic cost, h, is so large it dominates g.
...
What is a greedy algorithm?
What is a greedy algorithm?
An algorithm that picks the locally-optimal/best choice at the moment in the hope it will lead to a globally-optimal ...
When does the A* algorithm become Uniform Cost Search?
When does the A* algorithm become Uniform Cost Search?
When the heuristic cost, h, is...
What is the A* Search Algorithm?
What is the A* Search Algorithm?
A Heuristic search which combines the cost so far and the estimated cost to goal.
f(n) = g(n) + h(n) where g is path...
How does a heuristic function differ from a blind function?
How does a heuristic function differ from a blind function?
Heuristics use domain knowledge to explore the next best node which is most likely to...
What is a Heuristic function?
What is a Heuristic function?
A function to inform the search about the direction to a go...
What is a Blind Search?
What is a Blind Search?
A search which has no information about its domain.
All it can do is distinguish a non-goal state from a goal stat...
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